Abstract:Objective：Based on the investigation of the group of doctors and patients in largegrade A tertiary hospitals in Jiangsu Province，from the aspects of patients’ overall medical cognition，medical psychology and expectation，medical behavior and feeling，to study the characteristics of patients’ medical treatment，and provide reference and suggestions for constructing rational medical treatment behavior. Methods：Random sampling method was used to conduct a questionnaire survey among doctors and patients in 9 hospitals in northern Jiangsu，central Jiangsu and southern Jiangsu，and the responses of both doctors and patients were processed by descriptive analysis and chi-square test. Results：In terms of patients’ overall medical cognition，most patients lacked the cognition and responsibility of medical treatment obligations. The patients’ cognition of medical teaching and medical development was limited，and high expectations of medical treatment results were the main reasons for doctor-patient disputes. There was a misunderstanding of the criminal behavior of violent injury to doctors. In terms of medical psychology and expectations，patients were most concerned about the content related to disease diagnosis and treatment when they visited a doctor，and worried about medical negligence or errors，but doctors believed that patients paid more attention to the cost of diagnosis and treatment. The psychological burden of patients generally exceeded the burden caused by physical diseases，so the service attitude of medical staff had a greater impact on the patient’s psychology. In terms of medical behavior and feelings，patients’ medical choices did not conform to national policies；patients had high expectations for a good doctor-patient relationship and service attitude. Both doctors and patients tended to form a friendship-like relationship，as patients were always at a disadvantage in doctor-patient communication，the doctor’s good listening and interpretation skills could make the patient get a good communication experience. Conclusion：There are defects in the patient group’s medical cognition，and the irrational thinking and behavior of medical treatment are obvious. The information asymmetry and role differences between doctors and patients make the doctor-patient relationship and doctor-patient trust face greater challenges. Government departments，education and health authorities should help patient groups return to rational medical treatment behaviors as soon as possible by improving laws，popularizing public education for patients，and strengthening doctor training.